An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antisperm antibodies in horse serum

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and evaluated to detect equine antisperm antibodies (ASA) in horse serum. Six maiden mares between 12 and 18 mo of age were immunized with stallion sperm cells (SC group, N=2), seminal plasma (SP group, N=2), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control (C group, N=2). Horses received a second injection of the same antigen 2 wk after the first. Blood was collected weekly for 10 wk after initial immunization and again at Week 15. Serum ASA levels (IgG and IgA) were measured by ELISA using two assay systems, one containing stallion SC as the plate antigen and another containing SP.

In horses immunized with SC, peak IgG levels were detected by ELISA during Wk 2 and 3 after first injection using either plate antigen. The antibody levels persisted through Week 5 and then slowly declined until Week 15. Horses immunized with SP had IgG levels that did not differ from control horses using either ELISA plate antigen. The only significant elevation in serum IgA ASA occured during Week 5 after initial immunization and only in mares immunized with SC as detected by ELISA using SC as the plate antigen. Attachment of ASA to stallion spermatozoa was confirmed by an indirect immunofluorescence assay.     

pH降低和短杆菌肽D诱发的PE脂质体融合

 ｐＨ降低和短杆菌肽Ｄ诱发的ＰＥ脂质体融合王卓智,聂松青,林克椿（北京医科大学生物物理教研室,北京１０００８３）生物膜的融合是其在执行生理功能时的一种重要现象,如精子与卵子的融合,吞噬细胞形成吞噬体,出胞和入胞,以及病毒感染细胞等,都经历膜融合过程,此...     

显脉獐牙菜的单萜环烯醚甙

近年来,肝炎发病率高,青叶胆(Swertia mileensis)因此被大量采挖,野生青叶胆资源逐年减少。为发掘新药源,我们对云南产狭叶獐牙菜(S.angustifolia)和显脉獐牙菜(S.nervasa)的化学成分进行了研究。本文报道从中分离鉴定的4个单萜环烯醚甙Ⅰ—Ⅳ。Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ分别为维哥罗甙(vegeloside)、獐牙菜甙(sweroside)和獐牙菜苦甙(swertiamarin),Ⅱ是Ⅰ的同分异构体,命名为显脉獐牙菜甙(nervoside)。显脉獐牙菜甙(Ⅱ)白色无定形粉末,味极苦。UVλ-_(max)~(EtOH):243nm(log ε-3.89)。IR v_(max)~(KBr) cm~(-1):3400、1700和1610,显示单萜环烯醚的特征吸收峰显脉獐牙菜;显脉獐牙菜甙;单萜环烯醚甙     

Rice ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme OsUbc13 negatively regulates immunity against pathogens by enhancing the activity of OsSnRK1a

Ubc13 is required for Lys63-linked polyubiquitination and innate immune responses in mammals, but its functions in plant immunity still remain largely unknown. Here, we used molecular biological, pathological, biochemical, and genetic approaches to evaluate the roles of rice OsUbc13 in response to pathogens. The OsUbc13-RNA interference (RNAi) lines with lesion mimic phenotypes displayed a significant increase in the accumulation of flg22- and chitin-induced reactive oxygen species, and in defence-related genes expression or hormones as well as resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae. Strikingly, OsUbc13 directly interacts with OsSnRK1a, which is the α catalytic subunit of SnRK1 (sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase-1) and acts as a positive regulator of broad-spectrum disease resistance in rice. In the OsUbc13-RNAi plants, although the protein level of OsSnRK1a did not change, its activity and ABA sensitivity were obviously enhanced, and the K63-linked polyubiquitination was weaker than that of wild-type Dongjin (DJ). Overexpression of the deubiquitinase-encoding gene OsOTUB1.1 produced similar effects with inhibition of OsUbc13 in affecting immunity responses, M. oryzae resistance, OsSnRK1a ubiquitination, and OsSnRK1a activity. Furthermore, re-interfering with OsSnRK1a in one OsUbc13-RNAi line (Ri-3) partially restored its M. oryzae resistance to a level between those of Ri-3 and DJ. Our data demonstrate OsUbc13 negatively regulates immunity against pathogens by enhancing the activity of OsSnRK1a.     

Elastic priors to dynamically borrow information from historical data in clinical trials

Use of historical data and real-world evidence holds great potential to improve the efficiency of clinical trials. One major challenge is to effectively borrow information from historical data while maintaining a reasonable type I error and minimal bias. We propose the elastic prior approach to address this challenge. Unlike existing approaches, this approach proactively controls the behavior of information borrowing and type I errors by incorporating a well-known concept of clinically significant difference through an elastic function, defined as a monotonic function of a congruence measure between historical data and trial data. The elastic function is constructed to satisfy a set of prespecified criteria such that the resulting prior will strongly borrow information when historical and trial data are congruent, but refrain from information borrowing when historical and trial data are incongruent. The elastic prior approach has a desirable property of being information borrowing consistent, that is, asymptotically controls type I error at the nominal value, no matter that historical data are congruent or not to the trial data. Our simulation study that evaluates the finite sample characteristic confirms that, compared to existing methods, the elastic prior has better type I error control and yields competitive or higher power. The proposed approach is applicable to binary, continuous, and survival endpoints.     

二苯醚类除草剂的微生物降解研究进展

二苯醚类除草剂是一类广谱、高效、高选择性的除草剂,广泛应用于大豆、花生等农田一年生和多年生阔叶杂草的防除。由于该类除草剂不易降解,多年连续使用会导致其在土壤环境中的大量积累。本文概述了二苯醚类除草剂的基本结构及其对生物的影响,总结了降解二苯醚类除草剂的微生物种类、降解途径和降解过程中关键酶及其基因,分析了影响微生物降解二苯醚类除草剂的因素,对二苯醚类除草剂微生物降解未来的研究方向进行了展望,为深入研究二苯醚类除草剂的生物降解提供参考。     

外源硫化氢对盐碱胁迫下裸燕麦叶片有机酸和激素含量的影响

为探讨外源硫化氢（H₂S）对盐碱胁迫下植物有机酸和激素水平的调控效应,以裸燕麦（Avena nuda）为材料,研究喷施50 μmol·L^-1 H₂S供体硫氢化钠（NaHS）溶液对3.00 g·kg^-1盐碱胁迫下叶片有机酸、激素含量和产量性状的影响。结果表明：盐碱胁迫显著提高了琥珀酸、丁烯二酸、苹果酸、葡萄糖醛酸和总有机酸含量,显著降低了焦谷氨酸、茉莉酸-异亮氨酸（JA-Ile）、反式-玉米素（tZ）和N⁶-（Δ²-异戊烯）腺嘌呤（iP）含量。喷施NaHS溶液显著提高盐碱胁迫下裸燕麦叶片中3-羟基-3-甲基谷氨酸、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、赤霉素A₇（GA₇）、茉莉酸甲酯（MJA）、iP含量和IAA/ABA比值,显著降低葡萄糖醛酸、赤霉素A₃（GA₃）、赤霉素A₄（GA₄）、总赤霉素（GA_S）、1-氨基环丙烷羧酸（ACC）含量和ACC/ABA比值,而对琥珀酸、丁烯二酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、丙二酸、泛酸、烟酸、焦谷氨酸、辛二酸、苯丙酮酸、总有机酸、赤霉素A₁（GA₁）、茉莉酸（JA）、JA-Ile、脱落酸（ABA）、tZ、反式-玉米素核苷（tZR）、N⁶-（Δ²-异戊烯基）腺苷（iPA）、总茉莉酸类（JAs）、细胞分裂素（CTK）含量、GAs/ABA、JAs/ABA、CTK/ABA比值无显著影响。主成分分析表明,喷施NaHS溶液使盐碱胁迫下裸燕麦叶片中有机酸3-羟基-3-甲基谷氨酸和激素MJA、GA₇、tZ、IAA含量分别显著上调14.31%和41.83%、50.00%、22.97%、13.02%;而有机酸烟酸、葡萄糖醛酸和激素GA₄、ACC、tZR、GA₃含量分别显著下调16.00%、23.87%和73.53%、32.72%、50.00%、33.91%。另外,喷施NaHS溶液使盐碱胁迫下裸燕麦千粒质量下降了5.91%,而穗数量、穗铃数量、穗粒数量和籽粒产量分别提高了2.19%、9.70%、61.60%和52.83%。表明外源H₂S参与盐碱胁迫下裸燕麦有机酸和激素水平的调控,能够增强裸燕麦适应盐碱胁迫的能力。     

Seasonal population dynamics of Paraquimpevia tenevvima (Linstow) (Nematoda) in the European eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus) in three localities of southwest England

Seasonal population dynamics of Puraquzmperia tenerrima (Linstow) in the European eel Anguillu anguillu (Linnaeus) have been investigated in three localities in Devon, southwest England. The nematode is common and exhibits very similar seasonal patterns in changes of prevalence and abundance in the three localities. The population increases over winter through to late spring or early summer as the recruitment of the new generation occurs throughout this period. Reproduction of the nematode starts in spring. A sharp decrease of prevalence and abundance accompanies or follows reproduction, and infection levels are very low in autumn and early winter. The dispersion pattern of the nematode varies with the infection levels from over-dispersion in spring and early summer to almost random dispersion in autumn and winter. It is suggested that P. tenerrimu is a common specific parasite of eels, especially in small streams or rivers and that insect larvae or species of crustaceans might serve as intermediate hosts for the nematode.     

A rapid method for determination of Proteus vulgaris with a piezoelectric quartz crystal sensor coated with a thin liquid film

A rapid method for microorganism detection using a piezoelectric quartz crystal sensor (PQC) coated with a thin liquid culture medium film was developed and applied to detect the cell number of Proteus vulgaris. This method employed the viscosity and density response of PQC and utilized the coagulation of gelatine medium solution in which the microorganisms had grown to determine the microorganism indirectly. Three time points (TT₁, DT, TT₂) were obtained from the coagulation curve and were found to be in good linear relationship with the logarithm of the initial number of P. vulgaris in the range 1·3 × 10²−1·3 × 10⁵ cells/ml. The detection was rapid and accurate because the coagulation of the thin liquid culture medium film was quick and the time points in the response curve were sharp and so were easy to determine accurately. The detection time was less than 4 h and only a micro sample was needed. A 5 h preincubation was needed before detection. Some experimental conditions are discussed in detail.     

滇黄芩甙A和B的结构

从龙胆科滇黄芩属植物滇黄芩(Veratrilla baillonii Franch)中分离得到两个新的酮二糖甙,经~1H NMR,~(13)C NMR,FAB-MS,MS,2D NMR,UV,IR等物理方法和化学反应,推定为:2,3,4,7-四甲氧基酮-1-O-β-D-葡萄糖(6←1)-β-D-木糖甙(1)和7-羟基-2,3,4-三甲氧基酮-1-O-β-D-葡萄糖(6←1)-β-D-木糖甙(2),分别命名为:滇黄芩甙A和滇黄芩甙B。